The diagnosis, treatment, and management of gastrointestinal tract components are the focus of the subspecialty of gastroenterology, which belongs to internal medicine. A gastroenterologist treats conditions like achalasia, gastroparesis, and appendicitis and addresses all issues from the esophagus to the rectum.

All liver illnesses and related issues are covered by hepatology. In Pakistan, there are an estimated 150,000 new cases of hepatitis each year, according to the WHO.

This is a result of Pakistan's subpar sewage and sanitation systems, which contribute to the virus' persistence. Hepatology is the study of the liver. It aims to provide medical care that can treat liver damage brought on by hepatitis and other conditions like cirrhosis, liver cancer, and polycystic liver disease.

To guarantee a high quality of life, all medical specialties necessitate extensive post-operative care. The adoption of minimally invasive technology that can help with the diagnosis of the troubled areas is how medical professionals hope to achieve this.